THE IRAN-AL QAEDA RELATIONSHIP IN U.S. CENTERED SECURITY STUDIES WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF MARRIAGE OF CONVENIENCE AND HOSTILE RELATIONS

Abstract

1688 25 0  PDF  PDF

THE IRAN-AL QAEDA RELATIONSHIP IN U.S. CENTERED SECURITY STUDIES WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF MARRIAGE OF CONVENIENCE AND HOSTILE RELATIONS

Early access

This study analyses the dimensions of the US designation of Iran as a state sponsor of terrorism. It discusses the relationship between Iran and Al Qaeda as a case study of Iran's relations with non-state armed actors (NSAA). It examines issues related to the relationship's historical background, the relationship's context, and structural changes. According to the research on this topic, several analyses show that the relationship between Iran and Al-Qaeda can be traced back to the period before 11 September 2001. The number of studies on Iran-Al Qaeda relations has increased significantly since 9/11. This is because the relationship between Iran and al-Qaeda has acquired a new dimension. The study aims to provide a comparative perspective by examining American freign policy rhetoric, al-Qaeda leaders' statements, Iranian politicians' arguments, intelligence documents, academic studies, and news for objective analysis. The study's primary concern is to discuss the structure of the relationship between Iran and al-Qaeda and to analyze and conceptualize the factors that bring these two groups closer or further apart, which have two different sects and agendas. A literature review shows differing views on how Iran and al-Qa'ida are related, but a common conceptual consensus has yet to emerge. This study uses the “process tracing method” to examine Iran-Al Qaeda relations.

Details

The language of the article Turkish
The type of the article Other
The field of the article International Relations and Political Science
Author
Published issue 6. Issue Early access
Page 21-43

References

  • ABC News (2003, May 21). Is Iran Supporting Al Qaeda? ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79487&page=1 (18.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Akbarzadeh, S., & Ibrahimi, N. (2020). The Taliban: a new proxy for Iran in Afghanistan?. Third World Quarterly, 41(5), 764-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1702460 Akça, B. Ş. (2021). Maskeli devletler: silahlı örgütlere sağlanan devlet desteğinin nedenleri. Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları. Akça, B. Ş. (2009). Supporting non-state armed groups: a resort to illegality?. Journal of Strategic Studies, 32(4), 589-613. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390902987012 Al Jazeera (2003, May 22). Al-Qaeda haven: Iran rejects US charges. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/5/22/al-qaeda-haven-iran-rejects-us-charges (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Al Jazeera (2018, May 1). US judge: Iran must pay $6bn to victims of 9/11 attacks. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/1/us-judge-iran-must-pay-6bn-to-victims-of-9-11 (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). al-Amin, A. (2018, June 10). Iran and the beginning of retreat from four Arab capitals. Al Arabiya News. https://english.alarabiya.net/views/news/middle-east/2018/06/10/Iran-and-the-beginning-of-retreat-from-four-Arab-capitals (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). al-Saleh, H. (2018, Feb 5). Abbottabad files reveal how Iran, Assad recruited al-Qaeda militants. Al Arabiya News. https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2018/02/05/The-Abbottabad-files-reveal-how-Iran-Assad-recruited-al-Qaeda-militants (13.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Aman, F. (2019, August 30). Iran issues rare criticism of India over Kashmir. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/iran-issues-rare-criticism-of-india-over-kashmir/ (09.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Ataie, M. (2021). Continuity Despite Revolution: Iran’s Support for Non-State Actors. Middle East Briefs, 34188. https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/middle-east-briefs/pdfs/101-200/meb141.pdf Azizi, H., & Vazirian, A. H. (2023). The Role of Armed Non-State Actors in Iran’s Syria Strategy: A Case Study of Fatemiyoun and Zainabiyoun Brigades. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 25(3), 540-557. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2022.2143864 Bahgat, G. (2003). Iran, the United States, and the war on terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 26(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100390145189 Balcı, Ç. (2021). PKK in Iran’s Perspective: The Attitudes and The Possibility of a Joint Struggle. İRAM Yayınları. https://iramcenter.org/uploads/files/pkk-in-irans-perspective-the-attitudes-and-the-possibility-of-a-joint-struggle.pdf Barak, M. (2022). Nominating a New Leader for al-Qaeda and its Impact on the Strategic Relationship with Iran. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep47105 Bayrak, D. (2012). Usame. Ark Yayınları. BBC News (2021, January 12). Al-Qaeda: Pompeo says Iran is jihadist network's 'new home base. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55631403 (20.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Bunzel, C. (2018, Feb 11). Why Are Al Qaeda Leaders in Iran? Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2021-02-11/why-are-al-qaeda-leaders-iran (16 Şubat 2021 tarihinde erişildi). Byman, D. (2008). Iran, terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31(3), 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701878424 Byman, D. (2012, July 31). Unlikely Alliance: Iran’s Secretive Relationship with Al-Qaeda. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/unlikely-alliance-irans-secretive-relationship-with-al-qaeda/ (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Callimachi, R., & Schmitt, E. (2015, Sept. 17). Iran Released Top Members of Al Qaeda in a Trade. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/18/world/middleeast/iran-released-top-members-of-al-qaeda-in-a-trade.html (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Castiglioni, C. (2016). The Relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the 1970s. Confluences Méditerranée, (2), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.3917/come.097.0143 Central Intelligence Agency (2017). November 2017 Release of Abbottabad Compound Material. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/index.html (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Clayton, T., & Abigail, G. M. (2022, May 6). Al Qaeda: Background, Current Status, and U.S. Policy (IF11854) (Version 4). Congressional Research Service (CRS). https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11854/4 (18.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Coll, S. (2018). Directorate S: the CIA and America's secret wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Books. Cordesman, A. H., & Harrington, N. (2018, Dec 12). Iran: Military Spending, Modernization, and the Shifting Military Balance in the Gulf. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/arab-gulf-states-and-iran-military-spending-modernization-and-shifting-military-balance (16.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). CTC at West Point. (2011, June). Saif al Adel. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Saif.pdf (20.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Darwich, M. (2021). Foreign Policy Analysis and Armed Non-State Actors in World Politics: Lessons from the Middle East. Foreign Policy Analysis, 17(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orab030 Dhakal, A. (2018). Armed Non-State Actors in International Relations: A Study of ISIS [Master’s Thesis]. Sikkim University. https://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/1/6120/1/Asim%20Dhakal.pdf DeVore, M. R. (2012). Exploring the iran-hezbollah relationship: A case study of how state sponsorship affects terrorist group decision-making. Perspectives on Terrorism, 6(4/5), 85-107. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26296878 Department of Homeland Security (2019). Strategic Framework For Countering Terrorism And Targeted Violence. Homeland Security, 14-25. Dudgeon, I. (2020, Dec 2). What are the chances of a new ‘grand bargain’ between the US and Iran? Australian Strategic Institute Policy. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/what-are-the-chances-of-a-new-grand-bargain-between-the-us-and-iran/ (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Fathollah-Nejad, A. (2017, Oct 26). The Iranian–Saudi Hegemonic Rivalry. German Council on Foreign Relations. https://dgap.org/en/research/publications/iranian-saudi-hegemonic-rivalry (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Fifield, A. (2011, July 28). US charges Iran with al-Qaeda links. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/43c235e8-b936-11e0-b6bb-00144feabdc0 (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Gall, C. (2017, August 5). In Afghanistan, U.S. Exits, and Iran Comes In. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/05/world/asia/iran-afghanistan-taliban.html (14.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Gerges, F. A. (2011). The rise and fall of Al-Qaeda. Oxford University Press. Gerges, F. (2014). Ortadoğu Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları: Tarih, Teori ve Metodoloji Üzerine Bir Haşiye. Z. T. Kor (ed), Ortadoğu Konuşmaları: Bölgesel Perspektiften “Arap Baharı” (ss. 25-57) içinde. Küre Yayınları. Gilboa, A. (2021). A Raid on the Red Sea: The Israeli Capture of the Karine A. University of Nebraska Press. Gohel, S. M. (2010). Iran’s ambiguous role in Afghanistan. CTC Sentinel, 3(3), 12-16. Goldman, A. (2014, Feb 14). Senior al-Qaeda figure leaves Iran amid a series of departures by terrorist suspects. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/senior-al-qaeda-figure-leaves-iran-amid-a-series-of-departures-by-terrorist-suspects/2014/02/14/b3291eda-9429-11e3-83b9-1f024193bb84_story.html (19.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Goldman, A., Schmitt, E., Fassihi, F., & Bergman, R. (2021, Sept. 14). Al Qaeda’s No. 2, Accused in U.S. Embassy Attacks, Was Killed in Iran. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/world/middleeast/al-masri-abdullah-qaeda-dead.html (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Hastert, P. (2007). Al Qaeda and Iran: friends or foes, or somewhere in between?. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30(4), 327-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701200132 Ismail, Z. A. (2018). The effect of PKK/PJAK on Turkish-Iranian relations (1979-2015) [Doctoral dissertation]. Sakarya University. https://acikerisim.sakarya.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12619/69305/ODT00009.pdf?sequence=1 Jackson, R. (2007). Introduction: The case for critical terrorism studies. European Political Science, 6(3), 225-227. Jarvis, L. (2023). Critical terrorism, Studies and numbers: engagements, openings and future research. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 16(4), 720-743. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2267280 Jones, S. G. (2012, Jan 29). Al Qaeda in Iran, Why Tehran is Accommodating the Terrorist Group. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2012-01-29/al-qaeda-iran (18.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Joscelyn, T. (2018a, August 14). UN: Iran-based leaders ‘have grown more prominent’ in al Qaeda’s global network. FDD's Long War Journal. https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/08/un-iran-based-leaders-have-grown-more-prominent-in-al-qaedas-global-network.php (20.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Joscelyn, T. (2018b, Sept. 19). State Department: Iran allows al Qaeda to operate its ‘core facilitation pipeline’. FDD's Long War Journal. https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/09/state-department-iran-allows-al-qaeda-to-operate-its-core-facilitation-pipeline.php (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Joscelyn, T. (2020, November 19). No, It’s Not Surprising That Abu Muhammad al-Masri Was Living in Iran. Foundation for Defense of Democracies. https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2020/11/19/not-surprising-abu-muhammad-al-masri-in-iran/ (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Juneau, T. (2015). Squandered Opportunity: Neoclassical Realism and Iranian Foreign Policy. Stanford University Press. Kalaycı, R. (2019). İran Dış Politikasında Söylem ile Eylem Uyumsuzluğu: Çeçenistan ve Dağlık Karabağ Örnekleri. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 13-40. Katersky, A. (2018, May 2). Iran ordered to pay billions to relatives of 9/11 victims. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/iran-ordered-pay-billions-relatives-911-victims/story?id=54862664 (08.12.2023 tarihinde erişildi). Kıllıoğlu, M. E. (2021). Türkiye-İsrail Çevresel (Hayalet) Paktı. Ankara Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(7), 47-65. Kristof, N. D. (2007, April 28). Iran’s Proposal for a ‘Grand Bargain’. The New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/04/28/irans-proposal-for-a-grand-bargain/ (25.07.2023 tarihinde erişildi). Lahoud, N. (2018a, September 7). Al-Qa’ida’s Contested Relationship with Iran. New America Foundation. https://www.newamerica.org/future-security/reports/al-qaidas-contested-relationship-iran/ (19.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Lahoud, N. (2018b, September 12). Iran Through the Lens of al-Qaeda. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/iran-through-the-lens-of-al-qaeda/ (16 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişildi). Lahoud, N. (2022). The Bin Laden Papers: How the Abbottabad Raid Revealed the Truth about Al-Qaeda, Its Leader and His Family. Yale University Press. Loidolt, B. (2023). Al-Qaeda’s Iran dilemma: Evidence from the Abbottabad records. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 46(5), 513-540. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1780011 Malakoutikhah, Z. (2020). Iran: Sponsoring or combating terrorism?. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(10), 913-939. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1506560 Maoz, Z., & San-Akca, B. (2012). Rivalry and state support of non-state armed groups (NAGs), 1946–2001. International Studies Quarterly, 56(4), 720-734. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41804827 Mearsheimer, J. J. (2011). Liderler neden Yalan Söyler: Uluslararası Politikada Yalan Gerçeği. (N. Özberk, Çev.). Küre Yayınları. Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2009). İsrail Lobisi ve Amerikan Dış Politikası. (H. Kösebalaban, Çev.). Küre Yayınları. Miniter, R. (2004). Shadow War: The Untold Story of How Bush Is Winning the War on Terror. Regnery Publishing. Mir, A., & Clarke, C. P. (2021, March 21). Making Sense of Iran and al A- Qaeda’s Relationship. Lawfare. https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/making-sense-iran-and-al-qaedas-relationship (22.07.2023 tarihinde erişildi). Moghadam, A. (2017). Marriage of Convenience: The Evolution of Iran and al-Qaida’s Tactical Cooperation. CTC Sentinel, 10(4), 12-18. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/marriage-of-convenience-the-evolution-of-iran-and-al-qaidas-tactical-cooperation/ Mohamed, J. (2022, March 5). Iran - Al-Qaeda Relation: A Marriage of Convenience. Al Majalla. https://en.majalla.com/node/205446/politicsiran-al-qaeda-relation-marriage-convenience (14.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Mohialden, H. A. (2019). Geçmişten Günümüze İran’ın Irak Kürtleriyle İlişkileri ve Bağımsızlık Referandumuna Yaklaşımı. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(2), 162-188. Nabil, R. (2023, March 23). Iran, Al-Qaeda and the Taliban; Close Relations between Shiite and Sunni Fundamentalists: A Strategic Move or a Matter of Expediency?, Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies. https://aissonline.org/en/opinions/iran-al-qa.../1133 (16 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişildi). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks (2004). The 9/11 commission report: Final report of the national commission on terrorist attacks upon the United States (Vol. 1). Government Printing Office. https://9-11commission.gov/report/ Nezami, S. A. (2021, Şubat 19). İran ile El Kaide arasındaki ilişki ne kadar derin? BBC Farsi. https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-56098167 (7 Aralık 2023 tarihinde erişildi). Parsi, T. (2007). Treacherous alliance: the secret dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States. Yale University Press. Petrosyan, M. (2024). The Role of Non-State Actors in Modern Warfare: The Case of Syria and Nagorno-Karabakh. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 26(2), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2023.2233364 Rahmati, F. (2023, March 2). Iran Is New Center of Al Qaeda, Says Khalilzad. The Khaama Press. https://www.khaama.com/132131-2/ (15.09.2023 tarihinde erişildi). Raouf, H. (2019). Iranian quest for regional hegemony: motivations, strategies and constrains. Review of economics and political science, 4(3), 242-256. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-02-2019-0017 Reisinezhad, A. (2019). The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia. Palgrave Macmillan. RFE/RL (2011, Dec 25). Iran Denies Harboring Al-Qaeda Financier. RFE/RL. https://www.rferl.org/a/iran_denies_harboring_al-qaeda_financier/24432935.html (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Riedel, B. (2010). The Mysterious Relationship Between Al-Qa`ida and Iran. CTC Sentinel, 3(7), 1-3. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-mysterious-relationship-between-al-qaida-and-iran/ Ritter, S. (2007). Hedef İran: Beyaz Saray’ın ‘‘Nükleer Silah Tehlikesi’’ Bahanesinin Ardındaki Gerçek. (T. Gezer, Çev.). Yakamoz Yayıncılık. Ruttig, T. (2006). Islamists, Leftists – and Void in the Center. Afghanistan's Political Parties and where they come from (1902-2006). Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, Afghanistan Office. https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=3ed251b2-1783-f26b-3882-88e7872886ba&groupId=252038 Satloff, R. (2002). The Peace Process at Sea: The Karine-A Affair and the War on Terrorism. The National Interest, (67), 5-16. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42897393 Seren, M. (2017). Stratejik istihbarat & ulusal güvenlik. Orion Kitabevi. Shirazi, H. A. (2011). Al Qaeda and America, Threat Or Pretext For The War. Studies Of International Relations Journal, 4(15), 211-234. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/247664/en Sick, G. (2003). Iran: Confronting Terrorism. Washington Quarterly, 26(4), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.1162/016366003322387127 Sinkaya, B. (2015). Suriye Krizi Karşısında İran’ın Tutumu ve Şam-Tahran İttifakının Temelleri. Akademik ORTA DOĞU, 10(1), 131-160. Slavin, B. (2018, Eylül 7). Menfaat ve ihanet: İran’ın El Kaide’yle ilişkisi. Al Monitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/tr/contents/articles/originals/2018/09/iran-relationship-al-qaeda-trump.html (24.07.2023 tarihinde erişildi). Smith, L. (2015, Feb 5). Nuclear Dreams: Iran Now Controls Four Arab Capitals, Plus Washington, D.C. Hudson Institute. https://www.hudson.org/national-security-defense/nuclear-dreams-iran-now-controls-four-arab-capitals-plus-washington-d-c- (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Solomon, J. (2011, July 29). U.S. Sees Iranian, al Qaeda Alliance. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904888304576474160157070954 (17.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi) Şahzad, S. S. (2014). El Kaide ve Taliban’ın İçinde: Bin Ladin ve 9/11’in Ötesinde. (A. Tatlı, Çev.). Küresel Kitap. Taflioğlu, M. S. (2013). II. Pehlevi dönemi İran dış siyaseti üzerine bir deneme. Turkish Studies, 8(7), 631-644. https://www.acarindex.com/pdfler/acarindex-e9a603e6-9ee3.pdf Tehran Times (2002a, January 20). Arafat Says Karine A Was Used By Israeli Company. Tehran Times. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/73592/Arafat-Says-Karine-A-Was-Used-by-Israeli-Company (15.11.2022 tarihinde erişildi). Tehran Times (2002b, February 14). U.S. Created Al Qaeda, Taleban to Counteract Iran's Influence: Egyptian President's Advisor. Tehran Times. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/74904/U-S-Created-Al-Qaeda-Taleban-to-Counteract-Iran-s-Influence (31.12.2020 tarihinde erişildi). Tehran Times (2002c, January 20). Iran Rejects Claims Suspected Al-Qaeda Members Had Crossed Into Iran. Tehran Times. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/73575/Iran-Rejects-Claims-Suspected-Al-Qaeda-Members-Had-Crossed-Into (17.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Tehran Times (2003, December 13). No Place for Al Qaeda in Iran. Tehran Times. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/109634/No-Place-for-Al-Qaeda-in-Iran (31.12.2020). U.S. Department of State (2024, February 21). Executive Order 13224. Bureau of Counterterrorism. https://www.state.gov/executive-order-13224/ Van den Berge, W. (2016). Analyzing Middle Eastern Armed Non-State Actors' Foreign Policy. Global Security Studies, 7(3). Wallensteen, P., & Sollenberg, M. (1995). After the Cold War: Emerging Patterns of the Armed Conflict, Journal of Peace Research, 32(3), 345-360. https://www.jstor.org/stable/425669 Weber, M. (2000). Sosyoloji Yazıları. (T. Parla, Çev.). İletişim Yayınları. Wehrey, F., Thaler, D. E., Bensahel, N., Cragin, K., Green, J. D., Kaye, D. D., Oweidat, N., & Li, J. J. (2009). Iran and Its Non-State Partners: Assessing Linkages and Control. In: Dangerous but not omnipotent: exploring the reach and limitations of Iranian power in the Middle East (pp. 81-128). Monograph MG-781-AF. RAND Corp. Wright, L. (2006, September 3). The Master Plan. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/09/11/the-master-plan (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). Yeşiltaş, M., & Duran, B. (2018). Ortadoğu’da Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörler. SETA Yayınları. Yeşiltaş, M., & Kardaş, T. (Eds.). (2018). Non-state armed actors in the Middle East: Geopolitics, ideology, and strategy. Palgrave Macmillan. Zarifian, J. (2009). Iran and Its Two Neighbours Armenia and Azerbaijan: Resuming Relationships under America's Suspicious Eyes. Iran and the Caucasus, 13(2), 383-399. Zengin, G. (2010). Hoca: Türk dış politikasında [Google Scholar]
  • Adler, E., and Barnet, M (Ed.), (1998). Security communities, Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  • Al Jazeera (2003, May 22). Al-Qaeda haven: Iran rejects US charges. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/5/22/al-qaeda-haven-iran-rejects-us-charges (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Al Jazeera (2018, May 1). US judge: Iran must pay $6bn to victims of 9/11 attacks. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/1/us-judge-iran-must-pay-6bn-to-victims-of-9-11 (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • al-Saleh, H. (2018, Feb 5). Abbottabad files reveal how Iran, Assad recruited al-Qaeda militants. Al Arabiya News. https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2018/02/05/The-Abbottabad-files-reveal-how-Iran-Assad-recruited-al-Qaeda-militants (13.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Ataie, M. (2021). Continuity Despite Revolution: Iran’s Support for Non-State Actors. Middle East Briefs, 34188. https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/middle-east-briefs/pdfs/101-200/meb141.pdf [Google Scholar]
  • Azizi, H., & Vazirian, A. H. (2023). The Role of Armed Non-State Actors in Iran’s Syria Strategy: A Case Study of Fatemiyoun and Zainabiyoun Brigades. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 25(3), 540-557. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2022.2143864 [Google Scholar]
  • Bahgat, G. (2003). Iran, the United States, and the war on terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 26(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100390145189 [Google Scholar]
  • Barak, M. (2022). Nominating a New Leader for al-Qaeda and its Impact on the Strategic Relationship with Iran. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep47105 [Google Scholar]
  • Bayrak, D. (2012). Usame. Ark Yayınları. [Google Scholar]
  • BBC News (2021, January 12). Al-Qaeda: Pompeo says Iran is jihadist network's 'new home base. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55631403 (20.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Bunzel, C. (2018, Feb 11). Why Are Al Qaeda Leaders in Iran? Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2021-02-11/why-are-al-qaeda-leaders-iran (16 Şubat 2021 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Byman, D. (2008). Iran, terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31(3), 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701878424 [Google Scholar]
  • Byman, D. (2012, July 31). Unlikely Alliance: Iran’s Secretive Relationship with Al-Qaeda. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/unlikely-alliance-irans-secretive-relationship-with-al-qaeda/ (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Callimachi, R., & Schmitt, E. (2015, Sept. 17). Iran Released Top Members of Al Qaeda in a Trade. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/18/world/middleeast/iran-released-top-members-of-al-qaeda-in-a-trade.html (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Castiglioni, C. (2016). The Relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the 1970s. Confluences Méditerranée, (2), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.3917/come.097.0143 [Google Scholar]
  • Central Intelligence Agency (2017). November 2017 Release of Abbottabad Compound Material. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/index.html (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Clayton, T., & Abigail, G. M. (2022, May 6). Al Qaeda: Background, Current Status, and U.S. Policy (IF11854) (Version 4). Congressional Research Service (CRS). https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11854/4 (18.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Coll, S. (2018). Directorate S: the CIA and America's secret wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Penguin Books. [Google Scholar]
  • Collier, D. (2011). Understanding Process Tracing, Political Science and Politics, 44(4), pp.823-830. doi:10.1017/S1049096511001429 [Google Scholar]
  • Cordesman, A. H., & Harrington, N. (2018, Dec 12). Iran: Military Spending, Modernization, and the Shifting Military Balance in the Gulf. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/arab-gulf-states-and-iran-military-spending-modernization-and-shifting-military-balance (16.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • CTC at West Point. (2011, June). Saif al Adel. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Saif.pdf (20.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Darwich, M. (2021). Foreign Policy Analysis and Armed Non-State Actors in World Politics: Lessons from the Middle East. Foreign Policy Analysis, 17(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orab030 [Google Scholar]
  • Department of Homeland Security (2019). Strategic Framework For Countering Terrorism And Targeted Violence. Homeland Security, 14-25. [Google Scholar]
  • Dudgeon, I. (2020, Dec 2). What are the chances of a new ‘grand bargain’ between the US and Iran? Australian Strategic Institute Policy. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/what-are-the-chances-of-a-new-grand-bargain-between-the-us-and-iran/ (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Fifield, A. (2011, July 28). US charges Iran with al-Qaeda links. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/43c235e8-b936-11e0-b6bb-00144feabdc0 (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Gall, C. (2017, August 5). In Afghanistan, U.S. Exits, and Iran Comes In. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/05/world/asia/iran-afghanistan-taliban.html (14.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Gerges, F. A. (2011). The rise and fall of Al-Qaeda. Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  • Gerges, F. (2014). Ortadoğu Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları: Tarih, Teori ve Metodoloji Üzerine Bir Haşiye. Z. T. Kor (ed), Ortadoğu Konuşmaları: Bölgesel Perspektiften “Arap Baharı” (ss. 25-57) içinde. Küre Yayınları. [Google Scholar]
  • Gilboa, A. (2021). A Raid on the Red Sea: The Israeli Capture of the Karine A. University of Nebraska Press. [Google Scholar]
  • Gohel, S. M. (2010). Iran’s ambiguous role in Afghanistan. CTC Sentinel, 3(3), 12-16. [Google Scholar]
  • Goldman, A. (2014, Feb 14). Senior al-Qaeda figure leaves Iran amid a series of departures by terrorist suspects. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/senior-al-qaeda-figure-leaves-iran-amid-a-series-of-departures-by-terrorist-suspects/2014/02/14/b3291eda-9429-11e3-83b9-1f024193bb84_story.html (19.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Goldman, A., Schmitt, E., Fassihi, F., & Bergman, R. (2021, Sept. 14). Al Qaeda’s No. 2, Accused in U.S. Embassy Attacks, Was Killed in Iran. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/world/middleeast/al-masri-abdullah-qaeda-dead.html (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Hammersley, M., & Gomm, R. (2009). Introduction. Gomm, R., Foster, P., & Hammersley, M.. Case Study Method: Key Issues, Key Text, Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]
  • Hastert, P. (2007). Al Qaeda and Iran: friends or foes, or somewhere in between?. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30(4), 327-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701200132 [Google Scholar]
  • Jarvis, L. (2023). Critical terrorism, Studies and numbers: engagements, openings and future research. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 16(4), 720-743. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2023.2267280 [Google Scholar]
  • Jones, S. G. (2012, Jan 29). Al Qaeda in Iran, Why Tehran is Accommodating the Terrorist Group. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2012-01-29/al-qaeda-iran (18.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Joscelyn, T. (2018a, August 14). UN: Iran-based leaders ‘have grown more prominent’ in al Qaeda’s global network. FDD's Long War Journal. https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/08/un-iran-based-leaders-have-grown-more-prominent-in-al-qaedas-global-network.php (20.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Joscelyn, T. (2018b, Sept. 19). State Department: Iran allows al Qaeda to operate its ‘core facilitation pipeline’. FDD's Long War Journal. https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/09/state-department-iran-allows-al-qaeda-to-operate-its-core-facilitation-pipeline.php (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Joscelyn, T. (2020, November 19). No, It’s Not Surprising That Abu Muhammad al-Masri Was Living in Iran. Foundation for Defense of Democracies. https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2020/11/19/not-surprising-abu-muhammad-al-masri-in-iran/ (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Katersky, A. (2018, May 2). Iran ordered to pay billions to relatives of 9/11 victims. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/iran-ordered-pay-billions-relatives-911-victims/story?id=54862664 (08.12.2023 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • King, G., Keohane, R. O. & Verba, S. (2021) Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton University Press. [Google Scholar]
  • Kristof, N. D. (2007, April 28). Iran’s Proposal for a ‘Grand Bargain’. The New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/04/28/irans-proposal-for-a-grand-bargain/ (25.07.2023 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Kürüm, S, R. (2020). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Nitel Yöntemlerle Makale Yazımı: Vaka Analizi ve İncelikleri, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 42(1), ss.149-168. [Google Scholar]
  • Lahoud, N. (2018a, September 7). Al-Qa’ida’s Contested Relationship with Iran. New America Foundation. https://www.newamerica.org/future-security/reports/al-qaidas-contested-relationship-iran/ (19.03.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Lahoud, N. (2018b, September 12). Iran Through the Lens of al-Qaeda. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/iran-through-the-lens-of-al-qaeda/ (16 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Lahoud, N. (2022). The Bin Laden Papers: How the Abbottabad Raid Revealed the Truth about Al-Qaeda, Its Leader and His Family. Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
  • Loidolt, B. (2023). Al-Qaeda’s Iran dilemma: Evidence from the Abbottabad records. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 46(5), 513-540. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1780011 [Google Scholar]
  • Malakoutikhah, Z. (2020). Iran: Sponsoring or combating terrorism?. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(10), 913-939. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1506560 [Google Scholar]
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2011). Liderler neden Yalan Söyler: Uluslararası Politikada Yalan Gerçeği. (N. Özberk, Çev.). Küre Yayınları. [Google Scholar]
  • Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2009). İsrail Lobisi ve Amerikan Dış Politikası. (H. Kösebalaban, Çev.). Küre Yayınları. [Google Scholar]
  • Mill, J, Stuart (1973). A System of Logic. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [Google Scholar]
  • Miniter, R. (2004). Shadow War: The Untold Story of How Bush Is Winning the War on Terror. Regnery Publishing. [Google Scholar]
  • Mir, A., & Clarke, C. P. (2021, March 21). Making Sense of Iran and al A- Qaeda’s Relationship. Lawfare. https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/making-sense-iran-and-al-qaedas-relationship (22.07.2023 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Moghadam, A. (2017). Marriage of Convenience: The Evolution of Iran and al-Qaida’s Tactical Cooperation. CTC Sentinel, 10(4), 12-18. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/marriage-of-convenience-the-evolution-of-iran-and-al-qaidas-tactical-cooperation/ [Google Scholar]
  • Mohamed, J. (2022, March 5). Iran - Al-Qaeda Relation: A Marriage of Convenience. Al Majalla. https://en.majalla.com/node/205446/politicsiran-al-qaeda-relation-marriage-convenience (14.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Nabil, R. (2023, March 23). Iran, Al-Qaeda and the Taliban; Close Relations between Shiite and Sunni Fundamentalists: A Strategic Move or a Matter of Expediency?, Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies. https://aissonline.org/en/opinions/iran-al-qa.../1133 (16 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Nabil, R. (2023, March 23). Iran, Al-Qaeda and the Taliban; Close Relations between Shiite and Sunni Fundamentalists: A Strategic Move or a Matter of Expediency?, Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies. https://aissonline.org/en/opinions/iran-al-qa.../1133 (16 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Nezami, S. A. (2021, Şubat 19). İran ile El Kaide arasındaki ilişki ne kadar derin? BBC Farsi. https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-56098167 (7 Aralık 2023 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Parsi, T. (2007). Treacherous alliance: the secret dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States. Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
  • Rahmati, F. (2023, March 2). Iran Is New Center of Al Qaeda, Says Khalilzad. The Khaama Press. https://www.khaama.com/132131-2/ (15.09.2023 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • RFE/RL (2011, Dec 25). Iran Denies Harboring Al-Qaeda Financier. RFE/RL. https://www.rferl.org/a/iran_denies_harboring_al-qaeda_financier/24432935.html (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Riedel, B. (2010). The Mysterious Relationship Between Al-Qa`ida and Iran. CTC Sentinel, 3(7), 1-3. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-mysterious-relationship-between-al-qaida-and-iran/ [Google Scholar]
  • Ritter, S. (2007). Hedef İran: Beyaz Saray’ın ‘‘Nükleer Silah Tehlikesi’’ Bahanesinin Ardındaki Gerçek. (T. Gezer, Çev.). Yakamoz Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
  • Ruttig, T. (2006). Islamists, Leftists – and Void in the Center. Afghanistan's Political Parties and where they come from (1902-2006). Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, Afghanistan Office. https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=3ed251b2-1783-f26b-3882-88e7872886ba&groupId=252038 [Google Scholar]
  • Satloff, R. (2002). The Peace Process at Sea: The Karine-A Affair and the War on Terrorism. The National Interest, (67), 5-16. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42897393 [Google Scholar]
  • Seren, M. (2017). Stratejik istihbarat & ulusal güvenlik. Orion Kitabevi. [Google Scholar]
  • Shirazi, H. A. (2011). Al Qaeda and America, Threat Or Pretext For The War. Studies Of International Relations Journal, 4(15), 211-234. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/247664/en [Google Scholar]
  • Sick, G. (2003). Iran: Confronting Terrorism. Washington Quarterly, 26(4), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.1162/016366003322387127 [Google Scholar]
  • Sinkaya, B. (2015). Suriye Krizi Karşısında İran’ın Tutumu ve Şam-Tahran İttifakının Temelleri. Akademik ORTA DOĞU, 10(1), 131-160. [Google Scholar]
  • Slavin, B. (2018, Eylül 7). Menfaat ve ihanet: İran’ın El Kaide’yle ilişkisi. Al Monitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/tr/contents/articles/originals/2018/09/iran-relationship-al-qaeda-trump.html (24.07.2023 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Smith, L. (2015, Feb 5). Nuclear Dreams: Iran Now Controls Four Arab Capitals, Plus Washington, D.C. Hudson Institute. https://www.hudson.org/national-security-defense/nuclear-dreams-iran-now-controls-four-arab-capitals-plus-washington-d-c- (15.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Solomon, J. (2011, July 29). U.S. Sees Iranian, al Qaeda Alliance. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904888304576474160157070954 (17.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi) [Google Scholar]
  • Solomon, J. (2011, July 29). U.S. Sees Iranian, al Qaeda Alliance. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904888304576474160157070954 (17.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi) [Google Scholar]
  • Şahzad, S. S. (2014). El Kaide ve Taliban’ın İçinde: Bin Ladin ve 9/11’in Ötesinde. (A. Tatlı, Çev.). Küresel Kitap. [Google Scholar]
  • Söyler, M. (2021). Süreç Takibi Yöntemi: Nedensellik, Zamansallık, Kuram Geliştirme ve Kuram Testi, Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 101, 2021, ss.67-94. DOI: 10.368484//liberal.871546 [Google Scholar]
  • Söyler, M. (2021). Süreç Takibi Yöntemi: Nedensellik, Zamansallık, Kuram Geliştirme ve Kuram Testi, Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 101, 2021, ss.67-94. DOI: 10.368484//liberal.871546 [Google Scholar]
  • Tehran Times (2002a, February 14). U.S. Created Al Qaeda, Taleban to Counteract Iran's Influence: Egyptian President's Advisor. Tehran Times. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/74904/U-S-Created-Al-Qaeda-Taleban-to-Counteract-Iran-s-Influence (31.12.2020 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Tehran Times (2002b, January 20). Iran Rejects Claims Suspected Al-Qaeda Members Had Crossed Into Iran. Tehran Times. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/73575/Iran-Rejects-Claims-Suspected-Al-Qaeda-Members-Had-Crossed-Into (17.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Tehran Times (2003, December 13). No Place for Al Qaeda in Iran. Tehran Times. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/109634/No-Place-for-Al-Qaeda-in-Iran (31.12.2020). [Google Scholar]
  • Timmermans, S., ve Tavory, I. (2012). Theory construction in qualitative research: From grounded theory to abductive analysis. Sociological Theory 30(3): 167–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275112457914 [Google Scholar]
  • U.S. Department of State (2024, February 21). Executive Order 13224. Bureau of Counterterrorism. https://www.state.gov/executive-order-13224/ [Google Scholar]
  • Wehrey, F., Thaler, D. E., Bensahel, N., Cragin, K., Green, J. D., Kaye, D. D., Oweidat, N., & Li, J. J. (2009). Iran and Its Non-State Partners: Assessing Linkages and Control. In: Dangerous but not omnipotent: exploring the reach and limitations of Iranian power in the Middle East (pp. 81-128). Monograph MG-781-AF. RAND Corp [Google Scholar]
  • Wright, L. (2006, September 3). The Master Plan. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/09/11/the-master-plan (21.02.2024 tarihinde erişildi). [Google Scholar]
  • Zarifian, J. (2009). Iran and Its Two Neighbours Armenia and Azerbaijan: Resuming Relationships under America's Suspicious Eyes. Iran and the Caucasus, 13(2), 383-399. [Google Scholar]

How can this article be cited?

  • Gündüz, C. (2024). Menfaat evliliği ve hasmane ilişkiler tartışmaları bağlamında ABD merkezli güvenlik çalışmalarında İran-El Kaide ilişkileri. Türkiye İran Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(6), 21-43.
2024-6
Year: 2024 / Volume: 3 / Issue: 6
01/11/2024
2024 - 6
View the detail