Kerem Türk

This article examines the key historical events and underlying drivers shaping the dynamics of Turkey-Iran relations in the new millennium. It analyzes the impact of international and regional transformations, as well as domestic political developments in both countries, to assess the opportunities and limitations of strategic cooperation between these two pivotal regional powers. In this context, the study highlights the evolving geopolitical landscape and underscores the necessity for both countries to balance cooperation and competition. Historically, Turkey-Iran relations have been defined by a blend of pragmatic collaboration and strategic rivalry. While the early 2000s witnessed notable progress in economic and security cooperation, the Arab Spring and the Syrian crisis reignited ideological and geopolitical divergences. The 2016 coup attempt in Turkey introduced a new layer to bilateral dynamics, creating openings for tactical cooperation, even as U.S. regional policies, the Kurdish question, the Syrian conflict, and developments in the Caucasus intensified competition. Despite the presence of shared threats and interests, systemic and ideological constraints have limited the potential for a sustained strategic partnership. Trade volumes have declined, economic ties have weakened, and rivalry in the energy sector has grown. Nevertheless, mutual economic and security dependencies have compelled both sides to manage their relations pragmatically. The article explores how the transitional phase of the international system has reshaped Turkey-Iran relations and examines the challenges and opportunities embedded in this complex and fluid geopolitical environment.